Merekam proyeksi cahaya
Fotografi berasal dari bahasa yunani yang terdiri dari dua kata, photos yang berarti cahaya dan graphos yang berarti gambar atau lukisan. Berangkat dari terminologi tersebut, maka fotografi dapat didefinisikan menjadi seni melukis atau menggambar menggunakan media cahaya.
Membicarakan masalah bagaimana awalnya fotografi dikenal, banyak sekali keterangan yang bisa kita gali dari berbagai sumber. Sumber-sumber tersebut memberikan sejumlah informasi yang tidak jarang berlainan atau banyak versi. Namun dari banyaknya versi, ada beberapa informasi yang mempunyai pengulangan paling banyak.
Kesimpulan dari banyak informasi yang bisa didapatkan, bahwa sejarah fotografi sangatlah panjang, catatan fenomena atau peristiwa fotografi sudah dikenal manusia sebelum masehi. Dalam catatan yang dikutip harian umum Kompas di Indonesia edisi 20 Juni 2004, bahwa menurut Alma Davenport (1991), pada abad ke-5 sebelum Masehi, seorang pria bernama Mo Ti sudah mengamati sebuah gejala. Ketika pada dinding ruangan yang gelap terdapat lubang, maka di bagian dalam ruang itu akan terefleksikan pemandangan di luar ruang secara terbalik lewat lubang tadi. Pada abad ke-10 Masehi, seorang Arab bernama Ibn Al-Haitham menemukan fenomena yang sama pada tenda miliknya yang bolong di salah satu bagian dindingnya.
Pada tahun 1604, fenomena ini kemudian disebut oleh Johannes Kepler dengan istilah “camera obscura“, “camera” = kamar/ruang khusus dan “obscura” = gelap. Peralatan optik untuk memproyeksikan gambar disekitarnya ke dalam layar di ruangan gelap ini diciptakan oleh Kepler dalam bentuk tenda. Prinsip camera obscura kemudian menjadi populer di Eropa pada abad pertengahan. Berbagai disiplin ilmu menggunakan prinsip tersebut untuk tujuan masing-masing. Salah satunya ialah para seniman yang menerapkan camera obscura agar dapat menghasilkan lukisan serealistis mungkin.
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